Xvfb + the GPU, not the CPU
Xvfb provides the virtual display, but it renders on the CPU (llvmpipe). Chrome can render straight on the Intel GPU through ANGLE (--use-angle=vulkan --ignore-gpu-blocklist), under Xvfb or headless: about 20× faster WebGL in our measurements.
UI tests & headless browsers
Ideal for Selenium, Playwright or Puppeteer in CI: launch real browsers and run your E2E suites reproducibly.
xvfb-run -s "-screen 0 1920x1080x24" \
npx playwright test
Cluster-ready
Containerize your headless workers and orchestrate them with k3s / Kubernetes. Root SSH, IPv6 included, LUKS encryption.